Производните времена в английския език са общо девет на брой. Както вече разясних в предишен урок, https://vladeya.com/osnovni-i-proizvodni-vremena/, общият брой на времената е 14, като съответно пет основни и девет производни времена.
Основните времена: Present simple, Past Simple, Future Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect /разгледани подробно в урокът, който можете да откриете на следния линк: https://vladeya.com/gramaticheski-vremena-v-angliiskia-ezik/ / са като „трабантчето“, а именно съдържат основната идея за разположението на действието или състоянието във времето, но не придават конкретика, не съдържат никаква екстра. Екстрата се предоставя от производните времена. Тях можем да сравним с луксозната кола, която не само ни отвежда от т. А до т. Б, но и придава характер, разкрива спецификата на действието, а именно дали е продължило известно време /чрез всички продължителни времена/, дали е ограничено с краен срок в бъдещето /чрез Бъдеще перфектно/.
До тук изложеното следва да послужи за убеждение в необходимостта от изучаване и прилагане на производните времена. Чрез тях именно ние бихме могли по-цялостно и в детайли, и конкретика да изразим отношение към действието или събитието.
Производните времена се образуват въз основа на един принцип, приложим в две стъпки.
Принцип за извеждане на формули за спрежение на глогола в производните времена
По своя характер – производни – същите следва да образуват в следствие комбинация между две или три от основните времена.
Принципът, разкриващ същността на комбинацията ни служи за олеснение при запомняне на формулите, по които спрягаме глаголите във всяко едно от деветте производни времена.
Принципът се проявява в две стъпки:
- „Подреждаме глаголите по важност“ – Предвид класификацията на глаголите на спомагателни и смислови, от граматическа гледна точка спомагателните глаголи се смятат са „по-важни“. Следователно на първо място изреждаме тях. Ако производното време е съставено от две основни, то в началото на формулата следва да включим спомагателните глаголи на двете основни времена. Едва накрая добавяме и смисловия глагол.
Пример:
Present Perfect Continuous
Сегашно перфектно продължително е производно време. Съставено е от Сегашно перфектно просто и Сегашно продължително /и двете са основни времена/.
За да приложим успешно първата стъпка от принципа следва да си припомним формулите за спрежение на глаголите в съответните две основни времена, а именно:
Present Perfect Simple – HAVE +V3+ed
Present Continuous – BE+V+ING
Съответно двата спомагателни глагола, които следва да заемат първите места в новата формула са HAVE и BE. Накрая поставяме смисловия глагол.
На първия етап формулата на производното време ще изглежда така:
HAVE BE V1
Пристъпваме към втората стъпка
- „Всеки следващ глагол е командван от предходния“
Следователно, нужно е да „дооформим“ изначалната формула. Знаем, че HAVE изисква трета форма на глагол, а BE ing форма на глагол. Следователно крайният вид на формулата на производното време: Сегашно перфектно продължително, ще е:
Have been V1+ing
Така на практика показахме как се прилага принципът за образуване на формулите за спрежение на глаголите в производните времена във всяка от двете стъпки. Осъзнавайки принципите, въз основа на които се градят правилата, ние ще можем лесно да запомняме всяко едно от тях, а в случай че не сме сигурни, ще можем да се коригираме.
Сега ще пристъпим към разглеждане на всяко едно от производните времена, като се оповаваме на този основен граматически принцип в часста: спрежение на глагол.
Present Perfect Continuous
Употреба:
За действие започнало в миналото, което все още продължава и е продължително по характер.
Целта на Сегашно перфектно продължително време е да акцентира върху продължителността на действието, което е започнало в миналото и продължава в настоящето. Това е и екстрата, която това време ни предоставя.
Съпоставянето на Сегашно перфектно продължително със Сегашно перфектно просто време дава по-ясна представа и за двете и прави изборът по-лесен.
Form
| Present Perfect Simple | Present Perfect Progressive |
|---|---|
| irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd column of irregular verbs Example: I / you / we / they have spoken he / she / it has spoken regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed Example: I / you / we / they have worked he / she / it has worked | form of 'have' + been + verb + ing Example: I / you / we / they have been speaking he / she / it has been speaking |
| Exceptions | Exceptions |
| Exceptions when adding 'ed' : when the final letter is e, only add d Example: love - loved after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled Example: admit - admitted final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English) Example: travel - travelled after a consonant, final y becomes i (but: not after a vowel) Example: worry - worried but: play - played | Exceptions when adding 'ing' : silent e is dropped. (but: does not apply for -ee) Example: come - coming aber: agree - agreeing after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled Example: sit - sitting after a vowel, the final consonant l is doubled in British English (but not in American English). Example: travel - travelling final ie becomes y. Example: lie - lying |
Use
Both tenses are used to express that an action began in the past and is still going on or has just finished. In many cases, both forms are correct, but there is often a difference in meaning: We use the Present Perfect Simple mainly to express that an action is completed or to emphasise the result. We use the Present Perfect Progressive to emphasise the duration or continuous course of an action.
Result or duration?
Do you want to express what has happened so far or how long an action has been going on yet?
| Present Perfect Simple | Present Perfect Progressive |
|---|---|
| Result (what / how much / how often) I have written 5 letters. / I have been to London twice. | Duration (how long) I have been writing for an hour. |
Certain verbs
The following verbs are usually only used in Present Perfect Simple (not in the progressive form).
- state: be, have (for possession only)
Example: We have been on holiday for two weeks.
- senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch
Example: He has touched the painting.
- brain work: believe, know, think, understand
Example: I have known him for 3 years.
Emphasis on completion or duration?
Do you want to emphasise the completion of an action or its continuous course (how has somebody spent his time)?
| Present Perfect Simple | Present Perfect Progressive |
|---|---|
| Emphasis on completion I have done my homework. (Meaning: My homework is completed now.) | Emphasis on duration I have been doing my homework. (Meaning: That's how I have spent my time. It does not matter whether the homework is completed now.) |
Result or side effect?
Do you want to express that a completed action led to a desired result or that the action had an unwanted side effect?
| Present Perfect Simple | Present Perfect Progressive |
|---|---|
| desired result I have washed the car. (Result: The car is clean now.) | unwanted side effect Why are you so wet? - I have been washing the car. (side effect: I became wet when I was washing the car. It does not matter whether the car is clean now.) |
Time + negation: last time or beginning of an action?
In negative sentences: Do you want to express how much time has past since the last time the action took place or since the beginning of the action?
| Present Perfect Simple | Present Perfect Progressive |
|---|---|
| since the last time I haven't played that game for years. (Meaning: It's years ago that I last played that game.) | since the beginning I haven't been playing that game for an hour, only for 10 minutes. (Meaning: It's not even an hour ago that I started to play that game.) |
Permanent or temporary?
If an action is still going on and we want to express that it is a permanent situation, we would usually use the Present Perfect Simple. For temporary situations, we would prefer the Present Perfect Progressive. This is not a rule, however, only a tendency.
| Present Perfect Simple | Present Perfect Progressive |
|---|---|
| permanent James has lived in this town for 10 years. (Meaning: He is a permanent resident of this town.) | temporary James has been living here for a year. (Meaning: This situation is only temporary. Maybe he is an exchange student and only here for one or two years.) |
Signal words
| Present Perfect Simple | Present Perfect Progressive |
|---|---|
| how often... times | how longsincefor |
EXERCISES
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro/exercises
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro/exercises?ex02
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro/exercises?ex03
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro/exercises?ex04
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro/exercises?ex05
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro/exercises?ex06
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro/exercises?ex08
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro/exercises?ex07
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro/exercises?ex09
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro/exercises?ex10
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro/exercises?ex11
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro/tests?test1
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro/tests?test2
https://www.english-practice.at/b1/grammar/tenses/t-045-present-perfect.pdf
https://www.english-practice.at/b1/grammar/tenses/t-041-present-perfect.pdf
https://www.english-practice.at/b1/grammar/tenses/t-037-present-perfect-tense.pdf
https://www.english-practice.at/b1/grammar/tenses/t-026-present-perfect-tense.pdf
https://www.english-practice.at/b1/grammar/tenses/t-025-present-perfect-tense.pdf
https://www.english-practice.at/b1/grammar/tenses/t-021-present-perfect-simple-progressive.pdf
https://www.english-practice.at/b1/grammar/tenses/t-008-present-perfect-tense.pdf
https://www.english-practice.at/b1/grammar/tenses/t-001.pdf
JUST TO REMIND
Simple Past – Present Perfect Simple
Form
| Simple Past | Present Perfect Simple |
|---|---|
| irregular verbs: see 2nd column of irregular verbs Example: I spoke | irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd column of irregular verbs Example: I / you / we / they have spoken he / she / it has spoken |
| regular verbs: infinitive + ed Example: I worked | regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed Example: I / you / we / they have worked he / she / it has worked |
| Exceptions Exceptions when adding 'ed': when the final letter is e, only add d Example: love - loved after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled Example: admit - admitted final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English) Example: travel - travelled after a consonant, final y becomes i (but: not after a vowel) Example: worry - worried but: play – played |
Use
In British English, the use of Simple Past and Present Perfect is quite strict. As soon as a time expression in the past is given, you have to use Simple Past. If there are no signal words, you must decide if we just talk about an action in the past or if its consequence in the present is important.
Note that the following explanations and exercises refer to British English only. In American English, you can normally use Simple Past instead of Present Perfect. We cannot accept this in our exercises, however, as this would lead to confusions amongst those who have to learn the differences.
Certain time in the past or just / already / yet?
Do you want to express that an action happened at a certain time in the past (even if it was just a few seconds ago) or that an action has just / already / not yet happened?
| Simple Past | Present Perfect Simple |
|---|---|
| certain time in the past Example: I phoned Mary 2 minutes ago. | just / already / not yet Example: I have just phoned Mary. |
Certain event in the past or how often so far?
Do you want to express when a certain action took place or whether / how often an action has happened till now?
| Simple Past | Present Perfect Simple |
|---|---|
| certain event in the past Example: He went to Canada last summer. | whether / how often till now Example: Have you ever been to Canada? / I have been to Canada twice. |
Emphasis on action or result?
Do you just want to express what happened in the past? Or do you want to emphasise the result (a past action's consequence in the present)?
| Simple Past | Present Perfect Simple |
|---|---|
| Emphasis on action Example: I bought a new bike. (just telling what I did in the past.) | Emphasis on result Example: I have bought a new bike. (With this sentence I actually want to express that I have a new bike now.) |
Signal Words
| Simple Past | Present Perfect Simple |
|---|---|
| yesterday... agoin 1990the other daylast ... | justalreadyup to nowuntil now / till nowever(not) yetso farlately / recently |
EXERCISES
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-preper/exercises
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-preper/exercises?ex02
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-preper/exercises?ex03
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-preper/exercises?ex04
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-preper/exercises?ex05
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-preper/exercises?ex06
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-preper/exercises?ex07
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-preper/exercises?ex08
https://www.ego4u.com/en/read-on/countries/usa/tour/grand-canyon#exercises
https://www.ego4u.com/en/read-on/countries/uk/tour/edinburgh#exercises
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-preper/tests?test1
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-preper/tests?test2
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-preper/tests?test3
